[B][I]Take a look at the swell graph, from the UK. It plots CO2 and temperature, over the last 400,000 years, to show clear trends, for CO2 to peak, at 280 ppm, whereupon a global equilibrium is reached, and CO2 begins to drop, forcing a gradual drop in temperatures, over about 80,000 years, whereupon CO2 reaches its usual minimum, 180 ppm, and it starts to increase, forcing temperatures up, all the way to the global maximum, in a 5-10K year-rocketing, for which the right side of the graph coincides with the Anthrocene Period, where humans arrived and became the dominant life-form, in the Holocene Age.

At the right side of the graph, the red line heads for today's level, of 400 ppm, clearly fingering humans, for cumulative defoliation and consumption of sequestered CO2, in fossil fuels, which as anthropogenic global warming (AGW) means WE DID IT.

So don't get all wingnut stupid, and then pretend humans didn't cause trouble, and the line on the right doesn't join with MORE CO2 and CH4, issuing from warming waters and lands, to create runaway global warming and acidification, when seas can get 36 C or hotter, and organisms have to respirate on H2S:[/I][/B]

[img]www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk/gw...mg]

[I][B]Here's a primer, in case any of this slid by you, while you were wingnuttty or doinking Obamagirl; seen her lately?[/B][/I]

www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Global...ngPrimer.pdf

[B][I]Still more good media:[/I][/B]

www.geocraft.com/WVFossils...k_yrs.html

Comparison of Atmospheric Temperature with CO2 Over The Last 400,000 Years

For more than 2 million years our earth has cycled in and out of Ice Ages, accompanied by massive ice sheets accumulating over polar landmasses and a cold, desert-like global climate. Although the tropics during the Ice Age were still tropical, the temperate regions and sub-tropical regions were markedly different than they are today. There is a strong correlation between temperature and CO2 concentrations during this time.

Historically, glacial cycles of about 100,000 years are interupted by brief warm interglacial periods-- like the one we enjoy today. Changes in both temperatures and CO2 are considerable and generally synchronized, according to data analysis from ice and air samples collected over the last half century from permanent glaciers in Antarctica and other places. Interglacial periods of 15,000- 20,000 years provide a brief respite from the normal state of our natural world-- an Ice Age Climate. Our present interglacial vacation from the last Ice Age began about 18,000 years ago.

Over the last 400,000 years the natural upper limit of atmospheric CO2 concentrations is assumed from the ice core data to be about 300 ppm. Other studies using proxy such as plant stomata, however, indicate this may closer to the average value, at least over the last 15,000 years. Today, CO2 concentrations worldwide average about 380 ppm. Compared to former geologic periods, concentrations of CO2 in our atmosphere are still very small and may not have a statistically measurable effect on global temperatures. For example, during the Ordovician Period 460 million years ago CO2 concentrations were 4400 ppm while temperatures then were about the same as they are today.

Do rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations cause increasing global temperatures, or could it be the other way around? This is one of the questions being debated today. Interestingly, CO2 lags an average of about 800 years behind the temperature changes-- confirming that CO2 is not the cause of the temperature increases. One thing is certain-- earth's climate has been warming and cooling on it's own for at least the last 400,000 years, as the data below show. At year 18,000 and counting in our current interglacial vacation from the Ice Age, we may be due-- some say overdue-- for return to another icehouse climate!

[I][B]Heeeere's NASA, which employs guys like Dr. James Hansen, so expect more warnings, about warming and acid:[/B][/I]

climate.nasa.gov/evidence/

The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 years.1

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. Studying these climate data collected over many years reveal the signals of a changing climate.

Certain facts about Earth's climate are not in dispute:

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century.2 Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many JPL-designed instruments, such as AIRS. Increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.

Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that the Earth’s climate responds to changes in solar output, in the Earth’s orbit, and in greenhouse gas levels. They also show that in the past, large changes in climate have happened very quickly, geologically-speaking: in tens of years, not in millions or even thousands.3

[I][B]If you don't believe AGW is real, and you don't believe in the runaway warming, which is underway, you are really ignorant, at least. But if you stay ignorant, you have yourself to blame, since I have enough at this thread, alone, to warn people, how acidification is going to take out aragonite-based carbonate-shellfish, which is happening, NOW:[/B][/I]

www.plosone.org/article/in...one.0005661

We expect bivalve larvae to be more vulnerable than adults to increased CO2 because larvae biomineralize aragonite, the more soluble form of CaCO3, rather than calcite, the predominant material used in adult shell. Weiss et al. [17] further indicate that during biomineralization some bivalve larvae, (e.g., Crassostrea gigas and Mercenaria mercenaria) generate an even more soluble amorphous CaCO3 as an ephemeral precursor to crystalline aragonite, and because larvae are generally less robust than adults to a variety of stresses. If larvae are indeed more susceptible to acidification, it may lead to their reduced performance, or even failure, ultimately leading to negative effects on oysters and other shellfish populations. Kurihara et al. observed at very high pCO2 (2268 µatm) that embryonic development and shell formation in Crassostrea gigas was inhibited during the initial 48 h following fertilization [18]. How shifting carbonate chemistry will alter the ecological structure and function in benthic communities remains a critical gap in our knowledge [1]–[2].

[I][B]When the seawater kills shellfish, it will gradually become caustic, to kill all O2 respirators, until H2S respirators re-evolve, as they have, in the past. Check the review of Richard Alley's 2009 lecture, to the AGU:[/B][/I]

thinkprogress.org/climate/2...e-history/

www.agu.org/meetings/fm0...os/A23A.shtml

www.agu.org/

[B][I]More good information, on acidification of the oceans:[/I][/B]

www.eurograduate.com/article.asp

As global warming intensifies, so increasing carbon dioxide levels in the worlds oceans may represent an increasing problem to the fish farming and shellfish industry. The oceans absorb around a third of the 20bn tonnes of carbon dioxide produced each year by human activity. While the process helps to slow global warming by keeping the gas from the atmosphere, in sea water this carbon dioxide dissolves to form carbonic acid rising levels of which cause minerals called carbonates to dissolve. One of these carbonate minerals, aragonite, is used by corals and other marine organisms such as shellfish to grow their skeletons. Aragonite is particularly susceptible to damage by carbonic acid, meaning that creatures with skeletons made from this may find it hard to survive in more acidic seas.

If this is the case, then the EU faces a serious problem. The aquaculture industry of the European Union produces a total of 1.3m tonnes of fishery products a year for a value of about €3 billion. It is estimated by the EU itself that the regions aquaculture provides some 80,000 full or part-time jobs, equivalent to 57,000 full-time jobs. With the importance of the industrys future in mind, a new EU-funded project is set to investigate how marine organisms form shells, bones and other structures made from calcium carbonate such as coral reefs, together with the impact of environmental changes on the calcification process.

www.eurograduate.com/article.asp

[I][B]My prediction is many areas of the earth will be challenged as human habitat, and the human population will be reduced, by forcing factors, related to global warming and acidification, of bodies of water. HEY! Are you a submarine-human? You will die, anyway. So smarten up. We re-green and use CO2-neutral biomass, or many of us will die, no doubt.[/B][/I]